GB/T 18314-2024 全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)测量规范

ICS

07.040

CCS

A76

中华人民共和国国家标准

GB/T18314—2024

代替GB/T18314—2009

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）测量规范

Specificationsforsurveyandmeasurementofglobalnavigationsatellitesystem

2024-08-23发布2025-03-01实施

国家市场监督管理总局发布

国家标准化管理委员会

GB/T18314—2024

目次

前言

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Ⅲ

1

范围

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2

规范性引用文件

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3

术语和定义

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4

基本要求

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5

级别划分和测量精度

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5.1

级别划分

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5.2

用途

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5.3

测量精度

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6

GNSS网布设

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4

6.1

布设基本要求

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6.2

设计要求

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4

6.3

GNSS点命名

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6.4

技术设计

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5

7

选点

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7.1

选点准备

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5

7.2

点位基本要求

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7.3

辅助点与方位点

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7.4

选点作业

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7.5

选点后上交的资料

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8

埋石

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8.1

标石

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8.2

埋石作业

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8.3

标石外部整饰

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8.4

关键工序的控制

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8.5

埋石后上交的资料

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9

仪器

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9.1

接收机选用

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9.2

仪器检验

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9.3

仪器维护

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10

观测

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10.1

基本技术要求

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10.2

观测区的划分

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10.3

观测计划

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Ⅰ

GB/T18314—2024

10.4

观测前的准备

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10.5

观测作业的要求

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11

外业成果记录

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11.1

A级GNSS网外业成果记录

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10

11.2

B、C、D、E级GNSS网外业成果记录

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11.3

观测资料整理

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12

数据处理

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12.1

基本要求

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12.2

外业数据质量检核

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12.3

基线向量解算

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12.4

A、B级GNSS网基线处理结果质量检核

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12.5

重测和补测

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12.6

GNSS网平差

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12.7

数据处理成果整理和技术总结编写

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13

成果验收与上交资料

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13.1

成果检查与验收

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13.2

提交资料

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附录A(资料性)2000国家大地坐标系统的定义和地球椭球参数

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17

附录B(规范性)选点与埋石资料及其说明

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B.1

点之记

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B.2

GNSS点环视图

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B.3

标石类型图

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附录C(规范性)气象仪表的主要技术要求

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C.1

通风干湿表的主要技术要求和使用

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C.2

空盒气压表的主要技术要求和使用

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附录D(规范性)测量手簿记录及有关要求

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D.1

测量手簿

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D.2

测量手簿记录内容及要求

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D.3

天线高测定方法及要求

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附录E(资料性)归心元素测定与计算

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E.1

GNSS三角测量方法

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E.2

纯GNSS方法

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E.3

三角联测方法

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附录F(规范性)同步观测环检核

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Ⅱ

GB/T18314—2024

前言

本文件按照GB/T1.1—2020《标准化工作导则第1部分：标准化文件的结构和起草规则》的规

定起草。

本文件代替GB/T18314—2009《全球定位系统（GPS）测量规范》,与GB/T18314—2009相

比，除结构调整和编辑性改动外，主要技术变化如下：

a）标准名称变更为《全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）测量规范》；

b）增加3条术语“GNSS网”“独立基线”“点观测模式”（见3.8、3.10、3.13）；

c）增加了使用多卫星系统下的共性测量要求，增加了利用北斗卫星导航系统开展测量的规定与描

述（见4.1、10.1.2）；

d）删除了1980西安坐标系及1954年北京坐标系的参考椭球基本参数等要求（见2009年版的4.4，附

录A）；

e）增加了使用点位中误差划分精度等级的内容（见5.3.2）；

f）更改了选点、埋石中的部分技术细节（见第7章和第8章，2009年版的第7章和第8章）；

g）增加了基线测量中误差的计算公式（见12.2.5）；

h）更改了技术总结编写中的部分技术细节（见12.7，2009年版的12.7）；

i）更改了成果验收的部分内容（见13.1，2009年版的13.1）；

j）更改了点之记及部分标石类型的示例（见附录B，2009年版的附录B）；

k）更改了归心元素计算内容，与测定方法合并（见附录E，2009年版的附录E）；

l）增加了同步环闭合差为0时的检核方法（见附录F）。

请注意本文件的某些内容可能涉及专利。本文件的发布机构不承担识别专利的责任。

本文件由中华人民共和国自然资源部提出。

本文件由全国地理信息标准化技术委员会（SAC/TC230）归口。

本文件起草单位：自然资源部测绘标准化研究所、中国测绘科学研究院、自然资源部第一大地测量

队、自然资源部大地测量数据处理中心、武汉大学、国家基础地理信息中心、江苏省测绘工程院、自然

资源部四川测绘产品质量监督检验站、北京市测绘设计研究院。

本文件主要起草人：肖学年、郭炜信、严竞新、秘金钟、程传录、马聪丽、刘站科、姜卫平、

陈华、张鹏、张庆兰、王勇、谭明建、华劼、贾光军、李森、吕玉霞、安德恭、尹彤、蒋光伟、

谷守周、张庆涛、张建华、张凤录。

本文件及其所代替文件的历次版本发布情况为：

—2001年首次发布为GB/T18314—2001，2009年第一次修订；

—本次为第二次修订。

Ⅲ

GB/T18314—2024

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）测量规范

1范围

本文件规定了利用全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）静态测量技术，建立GNSS控制网的布设要求、测

量方法、精度指标和技术要求。

本文件适用于国家和区域各类GNSS控制网的设计、布测和数据处理。

2规范性引用文件

下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文

件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用

于本文件。

GB/T12897国家一、二等水准测量规范

GB/T12898国家三、四等水准测量规范

GB/T17942国家三角测量规范

GB/T24356测绘成果质量检查与验收

GB/T28588全球导航卫星系统连续运行基准站网技术规范

GB/T35767卫星导航定位基准站网基本产品规范

GB/T39616卫星导航定位基准站网络实时动态测量（RTK）规范

CH/T1001测绘技术总结编写规定

CH/T1004测绘技术设计规定

CH/T8016全球定位系统(GPS)测量型接收机检定规程

3术语和定义

下列术语和定义适用于本文件。

3.1

观测时段observationsession

测站上开始接收卫星信号到停止接收，连续观测的时间间隔。

3.2

同步观测simultaneousobservation

2台或2台以上接收机同时对同一组卫星进行的观测。

3.3

同步环simultaneousobservationloop

3台或3台以上接收机同步观测所获得的基线向量构成的闭合环。

3.4

异步环independentobservationloop

由非同步观测获得的基线向量构成的闭合环。

1